Issue while pasting from the Windows clipboard into a PuTTY vi or vim terminal

Pasting from the Windows clipboard into a PuTTY vi or vim terminal can sometimes be problematic, particularly with newer vim versions that have mouse mode enabled by default. This can lead to unintended visual mode activation or incorrect pasting.


Here are the primary methods to paste from the clipboard into a PuTTY vi/vimsession:
Shift + Right-Click:
Shift + Insert:
Middle Mouse Button (Wheel Click):
Disable vim Mouse Mode (if applicable):
vim Paste Mode:
Note: Ensure vi or vim is in insert mode (by pressing i) before attempting to paste if you want the content to be inserted directly into the file. Otherwise, pasting might be interpreted as vim commands.
For larger pastes, vim's paste mode can be helpful.

Enter insert mode in vim, then type :set paste and press Enter.

Paste your content using one of the methods above, then type :set nopaste and press Enter to exit paste mode.

If you are experiencing issues due to vim's mouse mode, you can disable it for the current session by typing :set mouse= and pressing Enter while in vim.

To make this change permanent, you can add set mouse= to your ~/.vimrc file.

If your mouse has a middle button (often the scroll wheel), clicking it can paste the content.

Shift + Insert:
This keyboard shortcut can also be used to paste the clipboard content.

This is often the most reliable method for pasting in PuTTY, especially when vim's mouse mode is active. Hold down the Shift key and then right-click in the PuTTY window where you want to paste.

What caused the AWS outage that broke the internet on Oct 21st 2025

AWS outage 2025: More than 1,000 services were impacted by the outage, including popular platforms like WhatsApp, Snapchat and Reddit, which rely on AWS services, along with financial institutions like the British government’s tax services and entertainment services

In India, the impact of the outage was most pronounced in the aviation sector, with hundreds of flights delayed and several cancelled as airline operators found their systems inoperational and had to switch to manual processes. At least ten banks and NBFCs had “minor disruptions”, which have either been resolved or are being resolved, the Reserve Bank of India said at the time.

Here is a technical explanation for the AWS Outage due to a DNS failure.

AWS's own internal control plane is built on top of DynamoDB. It's a hidden dependency. When AWS's internal services couldn't find the IP for DynamoDB, the entire management layer collapsed.

Stage 1: DNS Fails. The internal DNS servers for dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com stopped working.

Stage 2: Control Plane Fails. AWS's own services that depend on DynamoDB immediately broke. This included:

IAM (for authentication and session state)


The EC2 instance launch subsystem (which uses DynamoDB for metadata)


Network Load Balancer (NLB) health checks (which, it turns out, write their health state to a DynamoDB table)

Stage 3: Circular Dependency. This is the crazy part. When the NLB health checks failed (because they couldn't write to DynamoDB), it caused more network connectivity issues, which in turn impacted the (already struggling) DynamoDB service itself. It created a vicious feedback loop.

Why it lasted 15+ hours (The UDP problem)

Fixing the DNS issue only took a couple of hours. The reason the recovery took so long was twofold:

The Retry Storm: DNS queries use UDP, which is a stateless, "fire and forget" protocol. When the DNS queries failed, millions of clients (SDKs, Lambda functions, other AWS services) didn't get an immediate "connection refused" (like with TCP). They just timed out after 5+ seconds and then retried. This created a "retry storm" (or thundering herd) of millions of requests that hammered the DNS servers and caches, preventing them from recovering even after the initial fix was in.

The Global Control Plane: Many of AWS's core control plane services (like IAM) are centralized in us-east-1. Even if your app was running in eu-west-1, if it needed to authenticate or launch an instance, that control plane operation was routed through us-east-1 and failed.

How to show hidden folders in Mac OS in Finder

 To show hidden files and folders on a Mac, open Finder and press the Command (⌘) + Shift + Period (.) keys simultaneously. The hidden files will appear with a faded or semi-transparent look. To hide them again, press the same keyboard shortcut. 

Using the Keyboard Shortcut

1. Open any Finder window. 
2. Navigate to the folder where you want to view hidden files, such as your Macintosh HD folder. 
3. Press and hold the Command, Shift, and Period keys all at the same time. 
Hidden files and folders will appear. 
To hide them again, repeat the same key combination. 

Using Terminal (Alternative Method)

Open Terminal by searching for it in Spotlight (magnifying glass icon). 
Enter the following command and press Return: defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES. 
Hold down the Option key, right-click the Finder icon in the Dock, and select Relaunch to apply the changes. 
To hide all files again, you can use the same command, replacing YES with NO, or simply press the keyboard shortcut from the first method. 

Why Files Are Hidden

Hidden files are usually system files and should not be deleted or changed as it could cause problems with macOS or specific applications. They are hidden by default to prevent accidental modification or deletion. 

How to remove the bash history from a Linux Terminal

Removing bash history in the terminal can be done in several ways, depending on whether you want to clear the current session's history, remove specific entries, or clear the entire history file.


1. Clear the current session's history:

To clear the history of commands in the currently running shell session, use:

ಕೋಡ್

history -c

This command clears the in-memory history for the current session but does not affect the ~/.bash_history file until the session exits (and even then, it will only write the current, now empty, history).

2. Remove specific entries from history:

To remove a specific command from the history, first, identify its line number using the history command. Then, use:

ಕೋಡ್

history -d <line_number>

Replace <line_number> with the actual line number of the command you wish to remove. To make this change permanent in the ~/.bash_history file, you need to write the current history to the file afterwards:

ಕೋಡ್

history -w

3. Clear the entire bash history file:

To completely clear the ~/.bash_history file, which stores your command history across sessions, you can use:

ಕೋಡ್

cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history

This command effectively truncates the ~/.bash_history file, making it empty. For the changes to take effect immediately in the current session and in future sessions, it is also recommended to clear the current session's history:

ಕೋಡ್

history -c && cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history

4. Temporarily disable history saving for the current session:

If you want to prevent commands from being saved to history for the current session, you can unset the HISTFILE environment variable:

ಕೋಡ್

unset HISTFILE

Commands executed after this will not be recorded in the ~/.bash_history file until a new shell session is started or HISTFILE is set again.

Free Google courses for Generative AI

 Google just launched a free learning path for Generative AI.

If you're in tech, business, or just curious, this is worth a look.

𝟏. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐀𝐈:

👉 https://lnkd.in/g7eqXQ7H

↳ Explain how generative AI works

↳ Describe generative AI model types

↳ Describe generative AI applications

𝟐. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐋𝐌:

👉 https://lnkd.in/gijvaHyZ

↳ Define large language models (LLMs)

↳ Describe LLM use cases

↳ Explain prompt tuning

↳ Describe Google’s generative AI development tools

𝟑. 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐀𝐈:

👉 https://lnkd.in/gWSjT4Zq

↳ Identify the need for a responsible AI practice within an organization

↳ Recognize that decisions made at all stages of a project make an impact in Responsible AI

↳ Recognize that organizations can design an AI infrastructure to fit their own business needs and values

♻️ Repost this to help your network get started 

I asked Perplexity Pro which is the best laptop for ai work & macbook is not in the list !!

 Suggest the best laptop for ai model training that can be bought in Bangalore

Top Laptops for AI Model Training (2025, Bangalore)

Model Name	GPU/CPU	RAM	Key Features & Reasons to Buy	Approx. Price (INR)	Availability
ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14	AMD Ryzen 9/7, RTX 40XX series	16/32GB	Compact, powerful CPU/GPU for deep learning; reliable ventilation	1,60,000–2,10,000	Major electronics retailers[1][2]
HP Victus 15-fb3025AX	Ryzen 7, NVIDIA RTX 4050+	16/32GB	Good for large datasets and image/video tasks, gaming build for high performance	1,40,000–1,60,000	HP, Amazon, local stores[3][4]
Holoware AI Laptop	Intel Core Ultra 5/7, Intel Arc GPU	16/32GB DDR5	India’s dedicated AI laptop, optimized for ML workloads, DDR5 RAM, efficient cooling	~1,80,000+	Direct via Holoware, Bangalore[5]
HP Omen/Acer Nitro/ASUS TUF series	Ryzen 7/9, RTX 4070/4080 (NVIDIA)	16–32GB	RTX 4070+ GPUs, high TGP, suited for prolonged ML/deep learning tasks	1,70,000–2,00,000+	Amazon sale, HP/ASUS stores[2][4]
Lenovo IdeaPad Pro 5 (AI model)	Intel Core Ultra 9, Integrated AI GPU	32GB DDR5	OLED screen, advanced AI, general ML/data science (integrated GPU, less CUDA)	1,30,000–1,60,000	Lenovo exclusive/play stores[4]

---

Expert Tips for Buying an AI/ML Laptop

• GPU is critical: For local training, prefer NVIDIA RTX series (ideally 4050 or above) for CUDA compatibility with TensorFlow/PyTorch[1][2][6].
• RAM: Minimum 16GB; 32GB preferred for large models and datasets.
• Storage: NVMe SSD (512GB–1TB) for speedy data access.
• Cooling: Machines like ROG Zephyrus, HP Omen, Holoware AI offer solid cooling to prevent performance throttling during long model training[3][5].
• Linux Compatibility: Check if your chosen machine runs Ubuntu well, as many ML frameworks work best on Linux[1].
• Sales: August 2025 Amazon festivals offer major discounts on AI/GPU laptops. Visit Bangalore’s electronics markets for local deals and warranty support[4].

---

Where to Buy in Bangalore

• Physical Stores: Pai International, Croma, authorized HP/ASUS/Lenovo stores.
• Online: Amazon India (watch for sales periods like the Great Freedom Festival), dedicated sites like Holoware for India-specific AI laptops[5][4][7][8].
• Refurbished Options: EazyPC offers checked, high-spec used models at a lower price, suitable for budget-conscious AI practitioners[1].

---

Standout Recommendation

For maximum AI training power, the ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14 (with NVIDIA RTX 4060 or 4070, Ryzen 9/7, and at least 32GB RAM) is one of the best available in Bangalore for deep learning, model prototyping, and heavy ML workloads. If you want a specialized option, consider the Holoware AI laptop—designed and supported locally in India for AI workloads (though with Intel Arc GPUs, so check framework compatibility)[1][2][5][4].

---

Always confirm exact specs and CUDA compatibility if you primarily work in TensorFlow or PyTorch, and ensure the laptop fits your specific dataset and framework needs before purchase[1][2][5][9][4][6].

Sources
[1] Best Laptop For Artificial Intelligence Students 2025 https://eazypc.in/best-laptop-for-artificial-intelligence-students-in-2025/
[2] Best Laptops for AI & Machine Learning (2025) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Eie6LayZc
[3] Best HP Laptops for AI Development India 2025 https://www.hp.com/in-en/shop/tech-takes/post/best-workstations-for-ai-development
[4] AI powered laptops price drop in Amazon Great Freedom Festival … https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/ai-powered-laptops-price-drop-in-amazon-great-freedom-festival-sale-with-up-to-48-off-on-ryzen-ai-and-core-ultra-models-101754454762242.html
[5] Top Laptop for Artificial Intelligence in India https://holoware.co/best-laptop-for-artificial-intelligence-in-india-holoware-guide/
[6] Best Laptop for Data Science in 2025: Top 15 Picks https://www.upgrad.com/blog/top-10-best-data-science-laptops/
[7] AI Laptops in India 2025 – Best AI Laptop Brands & Buying Guide https://www.paiinternational.in/blog-details/all-about-ai-laptops-what-they-are-how-they-work-w
[8] Top 5 AI Laptops in India in 2025 - April https://www.paiinternational.in/blog-details/revolutionize-your-work-play-top-5-ai-laptops-in-i
[9] Best Laptop for Machine Learning in 2025 https://www.edureka.co/blog/best-laptop-for-machine-learning/
[10] Best Affordable AI Laptops for Gaming & Studies | HP® Tech Takes https://www.hp.com/in-en/shop/tech-takes/post/affordable-ai-laptops-gaming-school-balance

why is apple MacBook not in this list

Apple MacBook models, including the MacBook Pro with Apple Silicon (M1, M2, and M3 chips), are not typically recommended for intensive AI model training—particularly for tasks using popular frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch—due to several key reasons relevant in 2025:

- **Lack of CUDA Support:** Most AI and machine learning libraries (especially TensorFlow and PyTorch) use NVIDIA’s CUDA platform for GPU acceleration. Apple's M-series chips use integrated graphics, which are not CUDA-compatible, meaning you can't leverage powerful GPU acceleration for many deep learning tasks as you would on an NVIDIA RTX-equipped laptop[1][2][3].

- **Limited eGPU Expansion:** Apple Silicon Macs do not natively support external graphics cards (eGPUs) for ML, unlike earlier Intel-based Macs.

- **Framework Optimization:** While Apple has made progress with Metal and CoreML optimizations, the overall ML ecosystem (especially for research and large-scale model training) still relies heavily on CUDA and NVIDIA GPUs for maximum performance with large datasets and advanced architectures[1][4][5].

- **Native Support Challenges:** Some advanced features in deep learning libraries, along with many third-party tools and dependencies, either do not work optimally or are not fully supported on Apple Silicon, especially for newest AI research tools.

- **Price-to-Performance:** For a similar budget, Windows laptops (with NVIDIA GPUs) usually offer much better raw performance for AI/ML model training compared to Apple MacBooks[1][4][3][5].

Apple MacBooks can be excellent for software development, classical machine learning (CPU-based), and on-the-go prototyping, but for **heavy AI model training**, a laptop with a high-end NVIDIA GPU remains the standard recommendation in India and globally, which is why MacBook is not included in the top picks for this specific requirement[1][4][2][3][5].

Citations:

[1] Best Laptop For Artificial Intelligence Students 2025 https://eazypc.in/best-laptop-for-artificial-intelligence-students-in-2025/

[2] Top Laptop for Artificial Intelligence in India https://holoware.co/best-laptop-for-artificial-intelligence-in-india-holoware-guide/

[3] Best Laptop for Machine Learning in 2025 https://www.edureka.co/blog/best-laptop-for-machine-learning/

[4] Best Laptops for AI & Machine Learning (2025) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Eie6LayZc

[5] Best Laptop for Data Science in 2025: Top 15 Picks https://www.upgrad.com/blog/top-10-best-data-science-laptops/

"Passwords" button stuck in the desktop in mac OS

There is an annoying "passwords" button stuck on the Mac OS desktop. Check this link out for a detailed description & probable workarounds. Pressing cmd+ left click helped me get rid of it in my case.

 https://discussions.apple.com/thread/252109550?answerId=254260694022&sortBy=rank#254260694022

AI tools for Software Engineers

 

How to configure passwordless login in Mac OS X and Linux

Overview


This article walks through configuring your website user's SSH connection to your DreamHost server so you will no longer have to enter your password.

Background

Once you set up a shell user and try to log in via SSH, you'll find you must enter your password each time. If you’d like to avoid entering your password every time, you can set up Passwordless Login. This way, you'll be able to automatically log in immediately without needing to enter your password.
How to configure passwordless login

The following instructions configure Passwordless Login for any Unix, Linux, OSX, or Cygwin machine.


In this article, username@server.dreamhost.com is used as the login example.Make sure to replace username with your actual shell username.
Make sure to replace the servername with your DreamHost servername.

Additionally, you can use the default key name of id_ed25519 or create a custom key name. Make sure you use the key name you choose in Step #3 throughout the remaining steps.

Configuring a shell user

See this article for instructions on changing your website user to an SSH (shell user) in your panel. This is required to run the SSH commands in this article.

Creating the .ssh directory on your server (DreamHost server)

This step confirms if the .ssh directory already exists on your DreamHost server, which is needed to copy your local SSH key to your server.

Log into your server via SSH and run the following commands to confirm the ~/.ssh directory exists under your username.
cd ~ ls -la | grep .ssh
If you see the .ssh directory listed, proceed with the next step.
If you do not see it, run the following command to create this directory:
mkdir ~/.ssh


Generating the key pair (home computer)

On your home computer:Open an SSH terminal.
Generate an ed25519 private key using ssh-keygen under your username:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 Generating a public/private ed25519 key pair. Enter the file in which you wish to save they key (i.e., /Users/username/.ssh/id_ed25519):



Custom key name

If you press Enter, the key will be created with the default name of id_ed25519.

You can name this anything you like, but if you choose a custom name, you'll need to let your SSH client know about the new key name in Step #6 below. Also, if you choose to use a custom name, make sure to specify the full path to your user's .ssh directory. If you do not, the new key pair is created in the directory you're running the command. For example:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 Generating a public/private ed25519 key pair. Enter the file in which you wish to save they key (i.e., /Users/username/.ssh/id_ed25519): /Users/username/.ssh/customkey_ed25519

Proceed through the prompts that appear.
Enter a passphrase (leave empty for no passphrase).



You do not need to enter a passphrase, but it's highly recommended as it protects your private key if compromised. If so, someone would still need your passphrase in order to unlock it. The exception to this is if you're running an automated process such as as cron job. You should then leave the password out. From ssh-copy-id:"Generally all keys used for interactive access should have a passphrase. Keys without a passphrase are useful for fully automated processes."
Press Enter to continue.
Enter same passphrase again:

Press Enter to continue.The following message appears:
Your identification has been saved in /Users/username/.ssh/custom_ed25519 Your public key has been saved in /Users/username/.ssh/custom_ed25519.pub The key fingerprint is: SHA256:7pNvrznUREXWY2r1otEwUWo40aKfZDFsUVDac3YuzrI The key's randomart image is: +--[ED25519 256]--+ | o+*+=| | X..o| | @.= +| | o #.* | | Q o @oB o| | . *.C.+ | | ..S.+ | | .o . .o | | .+..+. | +----[SHA256]-----+


Copying the public key to your DreamHost server (home computer)Run the following command to copy the public key on your local computer to DreamHost's server.
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | ssh username@server.dreamhost.com "cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
This command responds with the following:
The authenticity of host 'server.dreamhost.com can't be established. ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:dhw3mJELPEz0i5Hzu/9lJR9FiJkK5EtiiPKAw/0zwuU. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes

Confirm the fingerprint in your panel on the SSH Keys page.
Type out the word yes to continue.
Enter your ssh username password when prompted.

The commands above create a new file named authorized_keys under your DreamHost user in the ~/.ssh directory.

Update the directory and file permissions (DreamHost server)

You must now update the permissions for the .ssh directory and authorized_keys file to further secure your keys.

Log into your server via SSH and run the following commands:
chmod 700 ~/.ssh chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys


Adding your custom key to your ssh client (home computer)


This step is only necessary if you give your key a custom name in Step #3.1 above. You must then let your SSH client know what the new name is using ssh-agent.Run the following command to start ssh-agent. Make sure you use the backquote ` character and not a single quote – this backquote character is usually on the top left of your keyboard on the tilde ~ key:
eval `ssh-agent`

Run the following command to add your custom key.
ssh-add ~/.ssh/customkey_ed25519 Identity added: /Users/username/.ssh/customkey_ed25519

Confirm it's been added by running the following. It will respond with your private key's fingerprint.
ssh-add -l 256 SHA256:7pNvrznUREXWY2r1otEwUWo40aKfZDFsUVDac3YuzrI (ED25519)

Confirm that fingerprint by generating a fingerprint from your custom key's public file.
ssh-keygen -l -f ~/.ssh/customkey_ed25519.pub 256 SHA256:7pNvrznUREXWY2r1otEwUWo40aKfZDFsUVDac3YuzrI (ED25519)


Confirming the SSH connection (DreamHost server)

If everything is configured properly, you should now be able to access your DreamHost account through SSH without a password. Try logging in again.
ssh username@server.dreamhost.com


You should now be able to log in without using a password.
Specifying a key pair for SSH to use

By default, your client will use the identity (private key) named id_ed25519. However, if you've created more than one key, you can specify which one to use when connecting using the -i flag. For example:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/customkey_ed25519 username@server.dreamhost.com

See alsoSSH overview
SSH client software
Set up passwordless login in PuTTY
Courtesy: dreamhost.com

Google I/O 2025 summary

 Google just dropped their biggest Al updates ever during Google I/O 2025. 

Here are 13 new Al updates you can't miss:

1. Gemini Live. You can now turn on your camera, point at anything, and talk to Gemini about it in real time
2. Imagen. Google's best image model yet
3. Veo 3. The first video model with native sound generation
4. Deep Research
5. Project Astra. A JARVIS-like research prototype exploring the capabilities of a universal Al assistant
6. Google Flow. Al filmmaking tool for creators
7. Agent Mode. A new feature in the Gemini app that lets you state a goal, and Gemini will handle the steps to achieve it
8. Google Jules. Jules is an Al-powered coding assistant that can read your code, write tests, fix bugs, and update dependencies
9. Al Mode in Search. Al Mode transforms Google Search into a conversational assistant
10. Real-time speech translation in Google Meet
11. Google Beam. An Al-first video communication platform that turns 2D video streams into realistic 3D experiences
12. Gemma 3n. A new open-source Al model optimized for mobile devices
13. Try-On. Google's Virtual Try-On feature lets you upload a photo of yourself to see how clothes would look on you

What are your thoughts on this?